Do you know that you can actually increase your internet speed in windows 7 despite the fixed bandwidth provided by your internet service provider. This is due to the reason that Windows 7 actually stores 20 percent of the entire bandwidth available for its own updates and access to the Microsoft Servers. Most of us are completely unaware of the fact because the option to control Windows bandwidth is completely hidden from us. However, in this article I am going to guide you step by step how you can change the bandwidth speed and use all 100 percent of the total bandwidth available.
First open Run by pressing Windows+R on your keyboard. Then type gpedit.msc and hit Enter.
Next you will see a screen as shown below
Now select Administrative Templates and then select Network under Administrative Templates.
Next you have to select and double click QoS Packet Scheduler on the right hand side.
Once you double click QoS Packet Scheduler you will get a screen as show below. Select and double ClickLimit reservable bandwidth.
By default you will see the default settings as Not Configured. Even though the bandwidth limit below shows zero percent and is grayed, Windows 7 still reserves 20 percent of the current bandwidth available.
Now you need to click Enable and drag the bandwidth percent to zero percent and then click Apply and then hit Ok.
Now run Disk Cleanup and restart your browser. Your Computer will utilize 100 percent of the total bandwidth available and you will also notice a slight gain in download speed.
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Friday, 2 August 2013
How to increase 20% internet speed in Windows 7
Sunday, 21 July 2013
INCREASE CAPACITY OF YOUR PEN DRIVE
INCREASE CAPACITY OF YOUR PEN DRIVE
INCREASE CAPACITY OF YOUR FLASH DIRVE BY CHANGING ITS FORMAT TO NTFS
There are many kinds of File Systems such as FAT, FAT 32 and NTFS but one of the main advantage of the NTFS file system that it has a compression option. Which means if you copy a File with the Size of 50MB in a Drive with Compression enabled NTFS File System it may take only 30MB.
The file system of Pen Drives are usually FAT and if you don’t Have the NTFS option on your Pen Drive’s provided software then do the following:
1. Go to Start ->Run -> cmd and press enter.
2. Type convert X: /FS:NTFS ( Where X is your Pen Drive Letter)
The File System is now converted to NTFS. Now its time to enable compression:
1. Go to My Computer and Right Click on your Pen Drive Icon and select Properties.
2. Select Compress Drive to Save Disk Space and then OK.
3. Then Select Apply To Sub Folders and Files and select ok ( if Asked)
All Done, the free space of the pen drive will increase and if you copy anything in the drive it will take less space.
There are many kinds of File Systems such as FAT, FAT 32 and NTFS but one of the main advantage of the NTFS file system that it has a compression option. Which means if you copy a File with the Size of 50MB in a Drive with Compression enabled NTFS File System it may take only 30MB.
The file system of Pen Drives are usually FAT and if you don’t Have the NTFS option on your Pen Drive’s provided software then do the following:
1. Go to Start ->Run -> cmd and press enter.
2. Type convert X: /FS:NTFS ( Where X is your Pen Drive Letter)
The File System is now converted to NTFS. Now its time to enable compression:
1. Go to My Computer and Right Click on your Pen Drive Icon and select Properties.
2. Select Compress Drive to Save Disk Space and then OK.
3. Then Select Apply To Sub Folders and Files and select ok ( if Asked)
All Done, the free space of the pen drive will increase and if you copy anything in the drive it will take less space.
or
try another tricks bellow
You can do a lot of things with your PEN DRIVE or FLASH USB DRIVES. You can make this little storage into CUSTOM PEN DRIVES by giving it a name, password etc. However, the main thing you want from it to store your Data, right? What happens if you’ve only 4 GB USB PEN DRIVES and a file you want to store here is 4.7 GB? you can’t put it in there, right? Well, Solve to this problem by following these tips.
Generally Pen Drive is preformatted with FAT, FAT 32 File system, where there’s no options to COMPRESS FILES to SAVE DISK SPACE. But if you FORMAT PEN DRIVE into NTFS system, you can compress file. By following these steps you can increase your pendrive space.
1.Click to Start Button & go to Run.
2. Write “cmd” in Run option & open Commend.
Write “convert X:/FS:NTFS” & press Enter. ( Here X means the Pen Drive’s Drive Name)
4. Then go to My Computer & Click the right button on Pen Drive & open Properties.
5. From here click the right mark on “Compress Drive to Save Disk Space” & press OK.
6. Now click OK on “Apply to Sub Folder and Files” option (If Come).
2. Write “cmd” in Run option & open Commend.
Write “convert X:/FS:NTFS” & press Enter. ( Here X means the Pen Drive’s Drive Name)
4. Then go to My Computer & Click the right button on Pen Drive & open Properties.
5. From here click the right mark on “Compress Drive to Save Disk Space” & press OK.
6. Now click OK on “Apply to Sub Folder and Files” option (If Come).
Now if you save any file or folder to your Pen Drive it didn’t get more Space.
Monday, 8 July 2013
How to use pen drive as ram memory in windows7
How to use pen drive as
ram memory in windows7
Hi friends, Windows 7
and Windows vista comes with a ready boost option. Q-What is ready boost
Ans- "ReadyBoost is a disk cache component of Microsoft Windows, first introduced with Microsoft's Windows Vista in 2006 and bundled with Windows 7 in 2009. It works by usingflash memory, a USB flash drive, SD card, CompactFlash,external hard drive or any kind of portable flash mass storage system as a cache. ReadyBoost is also used to facilitateSuperFetch, which allows it to perform analysis of boot-time disk usage patterns and creates a cache which is used in subsequent system boots." Source
If you are using a high configuration PC, It doesn't show any effect on speed because if you are a normal user I think only a few times you use your full ram memory but if you are using an old pc with low ram memory(Like 512 MB or IGB) and harddisk & using vista or 7. It speed up your PC and you will see the result, reduced application data loading time, reduced shutdown and restart time and many more you can't imagine without High ram memory. How to use this feature
Plug in your pendrive-> Format with NTFS or FAT32
Now go to properties->Select ReadyBoost
Check Use this device->Choose maximum space to reserve system speed
Click on Apply and OK. Your readyboost PenDrive is ready Now to Use.
Ans- "ReadyBoost is a disk cache component of Microsoft Windows, first introduced with Microsoft's Windows Vista in 2006 and bundled with Windows 7 in 2009. It works by usingflash memory, a USB flash drive, SD card, CompactFlash,external hard drive or any kind of portable flash mass storage system as a cache. ReadyBoost is also used to facilitateSuperFetch, which allows it to perform analysis of boot-time disk usage patterns and creates a cache which is used in subsequent system boots." Source
If you are using a high configuration PC, It doesn't show any effect on speed because if you are a normal user I think only a few times you use your full ram memory but if you are using an old pc with low ram memory(Like 512 MB or IGB) and harddisk & using vista or 7. It speed up your PC and you will see the result, reduced application data loading time, reduced shutdown and restart time and many more you can't imagine without High ram memory. How to use this feature
Plug in your pendrive-> Format with NTFS or FAT32
Now go to properties->Select ReadyBoost
Check Use this device->Choose maximum space to reserve system speed
Click on Apply and OK. Your readyboost PenDrive is ready Now to Use.
Here is an personal
suggestion HP and Sandisk is the Best for this work so what are you waiting for
Saturday, 29 June 2013
Create a New Partition on a Windows 7 Hard Disk
Create a New Partition on a Windows 7 Hard Disk The Windows 7 Disk Management tool provides a simple interface for managing partitions and volumes. Here’s an easy way to create a new partition on your disk.
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Tip:Create a New Partition on a Windows 7 Hard Disk
The Windows 7 Disk Management tool provides a simple interface for managing partitions and volumes. Here’s an easy way to create a new partition on your disk.
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Monday, 25 March 2013
Embedded C Basics
Bitwise or bitlevel operations form the basis of embedded programming. A knowledge of Hexadecimal and Binary Numbering system is required along with conversion from binary to hex and vice-verse. A tutorial for that is located @ www.ocfreaks.com/hexadecimal-and-binary-number-system-basics-for-embedded-programming/. If you are less familiar with hexadecimal and binary number systems that will help you.
As you can see using binary number directly is a headache – specially when there are like 32 bits to handle. Using Hexadecimal instead makes it a bit easier and using Left shift operator makes it super simple. Here ‘<<' is called the Left Shift Operator. Similar to this is ">>” viz. Right Shift operator.
Now lets say we want to Stop Timer 6. This can be achieved as follows :
Here (1<<6) will be 01000000 (considering it 8bit.. for 32 bit 0s will be padding on left). Then ~(1<<6) will be ~(01000000) = 10111111 and finally when its ANDed with current value of REGT_8b 6th bit of REGT_8b will be set to ’0′ and others will remain as they were since ANDing any bit with 1 doesn’t change its value.
If the 13th bit of REGX was 1 then the 13th bit of extract_n will also be one. Similarly for 0. This can be easily extended to extract multiple bits.
Further , I assume that the reader has a basic understanding of C programming language , Digital Logic , MCU(Registers,etc..).
Embedded Programming Basics : Bit level Operations in C:
Now getting armed with the knowledge of interconversion between Hexadecimal and Binary we can start with Bitwise(or bit level) operations in C. There are bascially 6 types of Bitwise operators. These are :
1. Bitwise OR operator denoted by ‘|‘
2. Bitwise AND operator denoted by ‘&‘
3. Bitwise Complement or Negation Operator denoted by ‘~‘
4. Bitwise Right Shift & Left Shift denoted by ‘>>‘ and ‘<<‘ respectively
5. Bitwise XOR operator denoted by ‘^‘
1. Bitwise OR operator denoted by ‘|‘
2. Bitwise AND operator denoted by ‘&‘
3. Bitwise Complement or Negation Operator denoted by ‘~‘
4. Bitwise Right Shift & Left Shift denoted by ‘>>‘ and ‘<<‘ respectively
5. Bitwise XOR operator denoted by ‘^‘
Important Note: Bitwise Operations are meant to be done on Integers only! No Float and No Double here plz!
Below is the Truth table for OR , AND , XOR – each of them require 2 operands:
| Operand 1(OP1) | Operand 2(OP2) | OP1 | OP2 (OR) | OP1 & OP2 (AND) | OP1 ^ OP2 (XOR) |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Hexadecimal Numbers in C/C++ program have a ’0x’ prefix and for Binary we have a ’0b’ prefix. Without these prefix any number will be considered as a Decimal number by the compiler and hence we need to be explicit with numbers.
Note : Implied Declaration and Use of Numbers when working at bit level -
Consider: int n = 0x7F2; Here its is implied that n will be 0x000007F2 since n is a 32bit number. Here number will be automatically padded with Zeros form right hand side as required.
Consider : int x = 0b1010; Here too zeros (28 0s) will be padded on the left to make x 32bit.
Consider: int n = (1<<3); Here the 3rd bit will be 1 and rest all will be made zeros by the compiler.
In short 0s are padded towards the left as required.
Consider there is a 32 bit register which is connected to 32 pins. Changing any bit to 1 will produce a HIGH (LOGIC 1) and making it ’0′ will produce a LOW i.e LOGIC 0 on the corresponding bit. If we assign bit number 19(from right) a ’1′ then pin 19 will produce a HIGH.
In C this can be done as :
REG = 0b0000000000010000000000000000000; //binary
REG = 0b10000000000000000000; //same as above since leading 0s will be automatically padded
REG = 0b10000000000000000000; //same as above since leading 0s will be automatically padded
=or=
REG = 0x00100000; //hexadecimal
=or=
REG = (1<<19); // sort of compact binary rep.
As you can see using binary number directly is a headache – specially when there are like 32 bits to handle. Using Hexadecimal instead makes it a bit easier and using Left shift operator makes it super simple. Here ‘<<' is called the Left Shift Operator. Similar to this is ">>” viz. Right Shift operator.
“(1<<19)” Simply means ‘Shift 1 towards the LEFT by 19 Places‘. Other bits will be Zero by default.
We generally use Hexadecimal when we need to change bits in bluk and Left shift operator when only few bits need to be changed or extracted.
ORing in C:
This is the same exact thing as in Digital Logic i.e 1 ORed with ‘x’ is always 1 and 0 ORed with ‘x’ is always ‘x’ , where x is a bit. Lets take two 4-bit numbers and OR them. Consider two 4-bit numbers n1=0100 & n2=1001. Here the 1st bit of n1 will be ORed with 1st bit of n2 , 2nd bit of n1 will be ORed with 2nd bit of n2 and soo on. In this case n1 is decimal 4 and n2 is decimal 9.
| n1 (4) => | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| n2 (9) => | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| ORed Result (13) => | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Hence we get 4 | 9 = 13.
It can be seen that bitwise ORing is similar to addition but this is not always the case since bitwise OR doesnt deal with carry generated after adding(i.e ORing) two 1s. For e.g. 12 | 9 is also = 13.
Now , If we want to make bit 19 and 12 as ’1′ we can use the binary OR operator which is represented by a pipe i.e ‘|’.
REG = (1<<19) | (1<<12); // 19th and 12th bits are set to '1' , rest are Zeros.
Now consider we want to making the first 21 bits (from right) to ’1′. This is can be done using hexadecimal notation instead of using shift operator since we will need to write 21 left shift operations for each of the 21 bits. In this case just consider we have a 32 bit number which has all first 19 bits ’1′. Then convert this number to hexadecimal and use it!
REG = 0x003FFFFF;
Hence using Hexadecimal or Binary operator depends on the situation.
Bitwise 1′s Complement / Negation in C :
Now lets say.. we need to convert all 0s to 1s and vice-verse. This can be done using the Bitwise negation operator denoted by ‘~’. The result of this operation is called 1′s Complement. Its also called a ‘NOT’ operation. ‘~’ is a unary operator since it requires only 1 operator while rest all are binary operators.
1st lets take a 4bit example to keep it simple.
Consider a binary number 1101. Its Negation will be ~(1101) => 0010.
Consider a binary number 1101. Its Negation will be ~(1101) => 0010.
Now lets get back to 32 bit numbers.. In C it can be done as follows:
int x = 0x0FFF000F;
REG = ~(x); // REG is assigned 0xF000FFF0;
REG = ~(x); // REG is assigned 0xF000FFF0;
=or=
REG = ~(0x0FFF000F); // REG is assigned 0xF000FFF0;
ANDing in C:
Binary AND operator in C is denoted by ‘&’. When 2 numbers are ANDed each pair of ‘corresponding’ bits in both numbers are ANDed. Consider two 4-bit binary numbers ANDed : 1010 & 1101 , here nth bit of both numbers are ANDed to get the result. Here the same truth table(already shown above) is followed as in Therotical Digital Logic i.e 1 ANDed with x is always ‘x’ (x is a binary number.. a bit) and 0 ANDed with ‘x’ is always 0.
char n1,n2,n3; //we can declare an 8-bit number as a char;
n1 = 0xF4; // binary n1 = 0b11110100;
n2 = 0x3A; // binary n2 = 0b00111010;
n3 = n1 & n2; // binary n3 = 0b00110000; i.e 0x30;
n1 = 0xF4; // binary n1 = 0b11110100;
n2 = 0x3A; // binary n2 = 0b00111010;
n3 = n1 & n2; // binary n3 = 0b00110000; i.e 0x30;
XORing in C:
XOR is short for eXclusive-OR. By definition of XOR , the result will be a ’1′ if both the input bits are different and result will be ’0′ if both are same (as seen in the table few paragraphs above). XOR can be used to check the bit difference between 2 numbers or Registers.
int n1,n2,n3;
n1 = 0b10011;
n2 = 0b11010;
n3 = n1^n2; // n2 = 0b01001;
n1 = 0b10011;
n2 = 0b11010;
n3 = n1^n2; // n2 = 0b01001;
Working with Read/Write Registers in C:
Generally its a bad Idea to assign a value directly to Registers since doing so may change the value of other bits which might be used to contol some other hardware.
Consider an 8 bit Register say REGT_8b is used to Start/Stop 8 different Timers. Bit 0 (from left) controls Timer 0 , Bit 1 Controls Timer 1 and so on… Writing a ’1′ to a bit will Start the timer and a ’0′ will Stop the Timer.
Now lets say Timers 7,6,5 are started and others are stopped. So the current value of REGT_8bwill be ‘11100000‘. Now assume that we want to Start Timer 2. We can do this in a manner which doesnt affect the other bits as follows :
REGT_8b = REGT_8b | (1<<2); // which is 11100000 | 00000100 = 11100100
=or simply=
REGT_8b |= (1<<2); // same as above
Now lets say we want to Stop Timer 6. This can be achieved as follows :
REGT_8b = REGT_8b & (~(1<<6));
=or simply=
REGT_8b &= ~(1<<6);
Here (1<<6) will be 01000000 (considering it 8bit.. for 32 bit 0s will be padding on left). Then ~(1<<6) will be ~(01000000) = 10111111 and finally when its ANDed with current value of REGT_8b 6th bit of REGT_8b will be set to ’0′ and others will remain as they were since ANDing any bit with 1 doesn’t change its value.
More Examples :
For below examples assume current value of REGT_8b as ’11100011′ which is 8 bit.
1) Stop Timers 0 and 5 :
REGT_8b &= ~( (1<<0) | (1<<5) );
=> ((1<<0) | (1<<5)) is = ((00000001) | (00100000)) = 00100001
=> ~(00100001) is = 11011110
=> Finally REGT_8b & 11011110 is = (11100011) & (11011110) = 11000010 => Timers 0 and 5 Stopped!
=> ~(00100001) is = 11011110
=> Finally REGT_8b & 11011110 is = (11100011) & (11011110) = 11000010 => Timers 0 and 5 Stopped!
2) Start Timers 3 and 4:
REGT_8b |= ( (1<<3) | (1<<4) );
=> ((1<<3) | (1<<4)) is = ((00001000) | (00010000)) = 00011000;
=> Now REGT_8b | (00001000) is = (11100011) | (00011000) = 11111011 => Timers 3 and 4 Started!
=> Now REGT_8b | (00001000) is = (11100011) | (00011000) = 11111011 => Timers 3 and 4 Started!
3) Stop Timer 7 and Start timer 3:
REGT_8b = (REGT_8b | (1<<3)) & (~(1<<7));
Above complex expression can be avioded by doing it in 2 steps as:
REGT_8b &= ~(1<<7); // Stop Timer 7
REGT_8b |= (1<<3); // Start Timer 3
REGT_8b |= (1<<3); // Start Timer 3
Monitoring Specific bit change in Registers :
Many times we need to read certain Flags in a register that denotes change in Hardware state. Consider a 32 bit Register REGX in which the 12th bit denotes the arrival of data from UART Receive pin into buffer. This data may be a command for the MCU to start or stop or do something. So we need to read the command then interpret it and call appropriate function. In simplest approach we can continuously scan for change in 12th bit of REGX as follows :
while( REGX & (1<<12) ) // monitor for 12th bit changing from 0 to 1
{
...
...
}
{
...
...
}
Unless the 12th bit of REGX is ’1′ the result of (REGX & (1<<12)) will always be zero. When 12th bit is 1 then (REGX & (1<<12)) will be = (1<<12) which is obviously greater than 0 and hence is evaluated as TRUE condition and the code inside the while loop gets executed.
To monitor for the change in 12th bit from 1 to 0 we just Negate the condition inside while to :
while ( ~(REGX & (1<<12)) )// monitor for 12th bit changing from 1 to 0
{
...
...
}
{
...
...
}
Extracting/Testing Bit(s) from a Register:
To extract a bit from a register we can use a variable in which all other bit locations , except the one we are intereseted in , are forced to 0. This can be done using masks.
Lets assume we want to extract bit number 13. For this we first define a mask in which bit location 13 is 1 and rest are all zeros. Then we AND this mask with the register and save the result in a variable.
int mask ,extract_n;
mask = (1<<13);
extract_n = REGX & mask; // bit 13 goes to extract_n
mask = (1<<13);
extract_n = REGX & mask; // bit 13 goes to extract_n
If the 13th bit of REGX was 1 then the 13th bit of extract_n will also be one. Similarly for 0. This can be easily extended to extract multiple bits.
To test whether bit 13 of REGX is 0 or 1 we can accomplish it as follows :
if(REGX & (1<<13))
{
...
...
}
{
...
...
}
Click here to download embeded system programing pdf
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